Table 3 Crowding out effect of health expenditure

OOP health expenditure

-0.094**

-0.029***

-0.003

0.021

-0.128**

-0.065*

(0.041)

(0.086)

(0.025)

(0.016)

(0.059)

(0.035)

Total expenditure

-0.081

6.764***

-1.963***

-0.230

-1.399

-2.213***

(0.793)

(1.649)

(0.476)

(0.314)

(1.142)

(0.666)

Total expenditure square

-0.001

-0.248***

0.072***

0.008

0.056

0.084***

(0.029)

(0.061)

(0.018)

(0.012)

(0.042)

(0.025)

Total expenditure_ OOP health exp

0.015**

-0.046***

0.002

-0.004

0.020**

0.010*

(0.006)

(0.013)

(0.004)

(0.002)

(0.009)

(0.005)

Total expenditure square _ OOP health exp

-0.001**

0.002***

-0.000

0.000*

-0.001**

-0.000*

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Pro_OOP Expenditure

-0.442

50.151***

-16.489***

-2.633

-8.903

-16.895***

(6.680)

(13.889)

(4.008)

(2.644)

(9.614)

(5.613)

Pro_OOP health exp_Total _expenditure

-0.133

-7.545***

2.380***

0.369

1.713

2.685***

(0.991)

(2.060)

(0.594)

(0.392)

(1.426)

(0.833)

Pro_OOP health exp_Total _expenditure square

0.010

0.274***

-0.087***

-0.013

-0.068

-0.102***

(0.037)

(0.076)

(0.022)

(0.015)

(0.053)

(0.031)

Control variables

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

Constant

1.431

-43.844***

13.605***

1.735

7.295

13.929***

(5.347)

(11.118)

(3.208)

(2.117)

(7.697)

(4.494)

Observations

11,896

11,896

11,896

11,896

11,896

11,896

R-square

0.104

0.238

0.066

0.063

0.141

0.264