Table 7 Crowding out effect of health expenditure with control variables

OOP health expenditure

-0.094**

-0.029***

-0.003

0.021

-0.128**

-0.065*

(0.041)

(0.086)

(0.025)

(0.016)

(0.059)

(0.035)

Total expenditure

-0.081

6.764***

-1.963***

-0.230

-1.399

-2.213***

(0.793)

(1.649)

(0.476)

(0.314)

(1.142)

(0.666)

Total expenditure square

-0.001

-0.248***

0.072***

0.008

0.056

0.084***

(0.029)

(0.061)

(0.018)

(0.012)

(0.042)

(0.025)

Total expenditure_ OOP health exp

0.015**

-0.046***

0.002

-0.004

0.020**

0.010*

(0.006)

(0.013)

(0.004)

(0.002)

(0.009)

(0.005)

Total expenditure square _ OOP health exp

-0.001**

0.002***

-0.000

0.000*

-0.001**

-0.000*

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Pro_OOP Expenditure

-0.442

50.151***

-16.489***

-2.633

-8.903

-16.895***

(6.680)

(13.889)

(4.008)

(2.644)

(9.614)

(5.613)

Pro_OOP health exp_Total _expenditure

-0.133

-7.545***

2.380***

0.369

1.713

2.685***

(0.991)

(2.060)

(0.594)

(0.392)

(1.426)

(0.833)

Pro_OOP health exp_Total _expenditure square

0.010

0.274***

-0.087***

-0.013

-0.068

-0.102***

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Age

0.001***

0.001***

-0.000***

0.000

-0.001***

0.000

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Gender

-0.012***

-0.030***

-0.004**

0.013***

0.052***

-0.007***

(0.003)

(0.005)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.004)

(0.002)

Education (No education as reference)

1.Primary

0.020***

0.006

0.007**

0.000

-0.039***

-0.009*

(0.006)

(0.012)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.008)

(0.005)

2.Secondary

0.026***

-0.013

0.005*

-0.005**

-0.027***

0.015***

(0.005)

(0.011)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.004)

3.University

0.014***

-0.065***

-0.004*

-0.008***

0.043***

0.054***

(0.004)

(0.009)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.003)

Household composition

Older

-0.034***

0.044***

-0.004

0.001

-0.016**

0.008**

(0.004)

(0.009)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.004)

children

0.019***

0.005

-0.003

-0.003**

-0.010**

-0.001

(0.003)

(0.007)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.005)

(0.003)

child_elder

0.025***

-0.031***

0.005*

-0.001

0.012*

-0.008**

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.004)

social_assistance

-0.001

0.017***

-0.004**

-0.001

-0.025***

0.003

(0.003)

(0.006)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.004)

(0.003)

residence

0.006***

-0.033***

0.001

-0.002***

0.013***

0.032***

(0.002)

(0.004)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.003)

(0.001)

1.Migration

0.001

0.009

-0.008***

-0.001

-0.018***

-0.000

(0.004)

(0.009)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.003)

Member_contr_income

0.001

0.004**

-0.000

-0.000

-0.002*

-0.002***

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.001)

1.Married

-0.000

-0.017*

-0.008***

0.001

0.012*

-0.009**

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.004)

2.Divorced

0.004

-0.012

-0.009**

0.005*

-0.001

-0.013**

(0.007)

(0.014)

(0.004)

(0.003)

(0.009)

(0.006)

3.Widow

-0.007

-0.005

-0.010***

0.002

0.012

-0.018***

(0.006)

(0.012)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.008)

(0.005)

Department

2. Atacora

0.009**

0.024***

-0.027***

0.015***

0.007

-0.002

(0.004)

(0.008)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.005)

(0.003)

3. Atlantique

0.027***

-0.081***

-0.028***

0.016***

0.022***

0.016***

(0.004)

(0.008)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.003)

4. Borgou

0.007**

-0.009

-0.017***

0.006***

0.022***

0.004

(0.004)

(0.007)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.005)

(0.003)

5. Collines

0.034***

-0.113***

-0.014***

0.007***

0.047***

0.014***

(0.004)

(0.009)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.003)

6. Couffo

0.021***

-0.103***

-0.028***

0.025***

0.050***

-0.004

(0.004)

(0.008)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.003)

7. Donga

0.022***

-0.039***

0.004

0.002

-0.013**

0.011***

(0.004)

(0.009)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.004)

8. Littoral

0.049***

-0.119***

-0.030***

0.005***

0.006

0.088***

(0.004)

(0.009)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.004)

9. Mono

0.027***

-0.049***

-0.029***

0.016***

0.018***

-0.007*

(0.004)

(0.009)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.004)

10. Ouémé

0.019***

-0.090***

-0.030***

0.006***

0.042***

0.029***

(0.004)

(0.008)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.005)

(0.003)

11. Plateau

0.007*

-0.050***

-0.022***

0.004***

0.080***

-0.005

(0.004)

(0.008)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.006)

(0.003)

12. Zou

0.002

-0.127***

-0.037***

0.015***

0.086***

0.008**

(0.004)

(0.008)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.005)

(0.003)

Constant

1.431

-43.844***

13.605***

1.735

7.295

13.929***

(5.347)

(11.118)

(3.208)

(2.117)

(7.697)

(4.494)

Observations

11,896

11,896

11,896

11,896

11,896

11,896

R-Square

0.104

0.238

0.066

0.063

0.141

0.264