Table 8 Crowding out effect of health expenditure with control variables (Non Poor households)

OOP health expenditure

-0.295***

-0.209

-0.120**

-0.083*

0.632***

0.173*

(0.113)

(0.218)

(0.059)

(0.042)

(0.154)

(0.096)

Total expenditure

-1.839

-1.627

-1.099

-0.335

3.419*

-1.866

(1.422)

(2.755)

(0.749)

(0.535)

(1.939)

(1.216)

Total expenditure square

0.062

0.053

0.040

0.011

-0.118*

0.073*

(0.051)

(0.099)

(0.027)

(0.019)

(0.070)

(0.044)

Total expenditure_ OOP health exp

0.044***

0.030

0.017**

0.011*

-0.091***

-0.024*

(0.016)

(0.032)

(0.009)

(0.006)

(0.022)

(0.014)

Total expenditure square _ OOP health exp

-0.002***

-0.001

-0.001*

-0.000

0.003***

0.001

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.001)

Pro_OOP Expenditure

-13.728

-11.681

-7.525

-1.944

20.908

-17.231*

(11.964)

(23.175)

(6.298)

(4.497)

(16.314)

(10.228)

Pro_OOP health exp_Total _expenditure

1.690

1.391

1.098

0.271

-2.627

2.814*

(1.727)

(3.345)

(0.909)

(0.649)

(2.355)

(1.476)

Pro_OOP health exp_Total _expenditure square

-0.055

-0.045

-0.041

-0.010

0.088

-0.108**

(0.062)

(0.121)

(0.033)

(0.023)

(0.085)

(0.053)

Age

0.001***

0.001***

-0.000***

0.000

-0.001***

0.000

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Gender

-0.017***

-0.017***

-0.005***

0.012***

0.049***

-0.011***

(0.003)

(0.006)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.004)

(0.003)

Education (No education as reference)

1.Primary

0.036***

-0.012

0.004

0.000

-0.032***

-0.013**

(0.007)

(0.013)

(0.004)

(0.003)

(0.009)

(0.006)

2.Secondary

0.043***

-0.028**

0.003

-0.005**

-0.023***

0.011**

(0.006)

(0.012)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.008)

(0.005)

3.University

0.014***

-0.065***

-0.000

-0.007***

0.036***

0.064***

(0.005)

(0.009)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.004)

Household composition

older

-0.040***

0.029***

-0.004

0.000

-0.004

0.014***

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.004)

children

0.014***

0.013*

-0.001

-0.002

-0.010*

0.002

(0.004)

(0.007)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.005)

(0.003)

child_elder

0.027***

-0.019*

0.005*

0.000

0.003

-0.013***

(0.005)

(0.011)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.005)

social_assistance

-0.001

0.006

-0.001

-0.001

-0.025***

0.004

(0.004)

(0.007)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.005)

(0.003)

residence

0.005**

-0.030***

-0.001

-0.002**

0.013***

0.035***

(0.002)

(0.004)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.003)

(0.002)

1.Migration

0.004

-0.001

-0.003

-0.002

-0.018**

0.004

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.005)

Member_contr_income

0.000

0.004*

-0.002***

-0.001

-0.001

-0.002**

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.000)

(0.002)

(0.001)

Marital status (Single as reference)

1.Married

-0.002

-0.019*

-0.002

0.000

0.011

-0.012**

(0.006)

(0.011)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.008)

(0.005)

2.Divorced

0.005

-0.016

-0.007*

0.006**

-0.001

-0.017***

(0.008)

(0.015)

(0.004)

(0.003)

(0.010)

(0.006)

3.Widow

-0.009

-0.023*

-0.004

0.002

0.015*

-0.020***

(0.007)

(0.013)

(0.004)

(0.003)

(0.009)

(0.006)

Departments

2. Atacora

0.004

0.029***

-0.035***

0.012***

0.041***

-0.009*

(0.005)

(0.011)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.005)

3. Atlantique

0.029***

-0.084***

-0.035***

0.010***

0.043***

0.016***

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.004)

4. Borgou

0.011**

0.003

-0.027***

0.004**

0.029***

-0.002

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.004)

5. Collines

0.046***

-0.149***

-0.016***

0.005**

0.079***

0.005

(0.006)

(0.011)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.008)

(0.005)

6. Couffo

0.017***

-0.096***

-0.034***

0.024***

0.061***

-0.008*

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.005)

7. Donga

0.019***

-0.057***

-0.012***

0.001

0.012

0.007

(0.007)

(0.013)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.009)

(0.006)

8. Littoral

0.054***

-0.123***

-0.035***

0.003*

0.023***

0.083***

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.005)

9. Mono

0.030***

-0.063***

-0.032***

0.013***

0.036***

-0.011**

(0.005)

(0.011)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.005)

10. Ouémé

0.025***

-0.089***

-0.035***

0.005***

0.056***

0.021***

(0.005)

(0.009)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.004)

11. Plateau

0.009*

-0.072***

-0.025***

0.004*

0.108***

-0.009*

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.005)

12. Zou

0.001

-0.120***

-0.044***

0.014***

0.091***

0.007

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.007)

(0.004)

Constant

14.118

13.975

7.644

2.470

-25.766*

11.093

(9.846)

(19.072)

(5.183)

(3.701)

(13.426)

(8.418)

Observations

8,082

8,082

8,082

8,082

8,082

8,082

R-squared

0.133

0.255

0.069

0.064

0.140

0.292