Table 9 Crowding out effect of health expenditure with control variables (Poor household)
| Â | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VARIABLES | Education | Food | Clothing | Alcohol | Trans & com | Housing |
OOP Health expenditure | -0.143** | -0.236 | 0.048 | -0.035 | -0.096 | 0.092 |
| Â | (0.072) | (0.174) | (0.055) | (0.033) | (0.118) | (0.057) |
Total expenditure | -0.633 | 10.466*** | -3.585*** | -0.435 | -1.558 | 0.255 |
| Â | (1.613) | (3.878) | (1.238) | (0.728) | (2.628) | (1.283) |
Total expenditure square | 0.018 | -0.392** | 0.138*** | 0.013 | 0.064 | -0.007 |
| Â | (0.064) | (0.154) | (0.049) | (0.029) | (0.104) | (0.051) |
Total expenditure_ OOP health exp | 0.022* | 0.041 | -0.006 | 0.005 | 0.013 | -0.015 |
| Â | (0.012) | (0.029) | (0.009) | (0.005) | (0.020) | (0.010) |
Pro_OOP Expenditure | -4.123 | 84.307*** | -29.551*** | -4.194 | -8.800 | 1.615 |
| Â | (12.779) | (30.728) | (9.812) | (5.772) | (20.822) | (10.169) |
Pro_OOP health exp_Total _expenditure | 0.552 | -13.129*** | 4.477*** | 0.545 | 1.913 | -0.151 |
| Â | (2.033) | (4.888) | (1.561) | (0.918) | (3.312) | (1.618) |
Pro_OOP health exp_Total _expenditure square | -0.014 | 0.494** | -0.172*** | -0.017 | -0.079 | 0.002 |
| Â | (0.081) | (0.194) | (0.062) | (0.037) | (0.132) | (0.064) |
Total expenditure square _ OOP health exp | -0.001 | -0.002 | 0.000 | -0.000 | -0.000 | 0.001 |
| Â | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.000) |
age | 0.000*** | 0.000 | -0.000*** | 0.000 | -0.001*** | 0.000 |
| Â | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
gender | -0.005 | -0.056*** | -0.001 | 0.013*** | 0.061*** | -0.000 |
| Â | (0.004) | (0.010) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.007) | (0.003) |
Education (No education as reference) | ||||||
1.Primary | -0.015 | 0.044* | 0.014* | -0.002 | -0.066*** | 0.009 |
| Â | (0.009) | (0.023) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.015) | (0.008) |
2.Secondary | -0.012 | 0.009 | 0.010 | -0.002 | -0.041*** | 0.027*** |
| Â | (0.009) | (0.022) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.015) | (0.007) |
3.University | 0.006 | -0.036* | -0.019*** | -0.006 | 0.064*** | 0.004 |
| Â | (0.009) | (0.021) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.014) | (0.007) |
Household composition | ||||||
older | -0.011 | 0.045* | -0.006 | 0.004 | -0.041*** | -0.012 |
| Â | (0.010) | (0.023) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.016) | (0.008) |
children | 0.027*** | -0.017 | -0.009 | -0.004 | -0.012 | -0.010 |
| Â | (0.008) | (0.019) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.013) | (0.006) |
child_elder | 0.008 | -0.027 | 0.007 | -0.002 | 0.028* | 0.010 |
| Â | (0.010) | (0.024) | (0.008) | (0.004) | (0.016) | (0.008) |
social_assistance | 0.006 | 0.033*** | -0.010** | -0.001 | -0.021** | -0.002 |
| Â | (0.005) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.008) | (0.004) |
residence | 0.009*** | -0.034*** | 0.005** | -0.002 | 0.011** | 0.023*** |
| Â | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.005) | (0.002) |
1.Migration | -0.009 | 0.035** | -0.017*** | 0.001 | -0.026** | -0.007 |
| Â | (0.006) | (0.015) | (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.010) | (0.005) |
Member_contr_income | -0.000 | 0.006** | 0.000 | 0.000 | -0.003* | -0.002** |
| Â | (0.001) | (0.003) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1.Married | -0.007 | 0.013 | -0.032*** | 0.006 | 0.015 | 0.004 |
| Â | (0.011) | (0.028) | (0.009) | (0.005) | (0.019) | (0.009) |
2.Divorced | -0.009 | 0.015 | -0.026** | 0.006 | -0.001 | 0.006 |
| Â | (0.014) | (0.034) | (0.011) | (0.006) | (0.023) | (0.011) |
3.Widow | -0.011 | 0.044 | -0.034*** | 0.005 | 0.010 | -0.003 |
| Â | (0.012) | (0.029) | (0.009) | (0.006) | (0.020) | (0.010) |
Department | ||||||
2. Atacora | 0.011** | 0.030** | -0.021*** | 0.018*** | -0.027*** | 0.003 |
| Â | (0.005) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.008) | (0.004) |
3. Atlantique | 0.029*** | -0.077*** | -0.021*** | 0.029*** | -0.002 | 0.000 |
| Â | (0.006) | (0.015) | (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.010) | (0.005) |
4. Borgou | 0.005 | -0.030** | -0.005 | 0.007*** | 0.020** | 0.010*** |
| Â | (0.005) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.008) | (0.004) |
5. Collines | 0.018*** | -0.053*** | -0.014*** | 0.009*** | 0.004 | 0.022*** |
| Â | (0.006) | (0.014) | (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.010) | (0.005) |
6. Couffo | 0.038*** | -0.123*** | -0.020*** | 0.024*** | 0.048*** | -0.000 |
| Â | (0.006) | (0.014) | (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.010) | (0.005) |
7. Donga | 0.025*** | -0.028** | 0.015*** | 0.004* | -0.034*** | 0.015*** |
| Â | (0.005) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.009) | (0.004) |
8. Littoral | 0.007 | -0.059** | -0.033*** | 0.006 | -0.021 | 0.035*** |
| Â | (0.012) | (0.028) | (0.009) | (0.005) | (0.019) | (0.009) |
9. Mono | 0.034*** | -0.021 | -0.031*** | 0.024*** | -0.002 | -0.010* |
| Â | (0.007) | (0.018) | (0.006) | (0.003) | (0.012) | (0.006) |
10. Ouémé | 0.012* | -0.105*** | -0.032*** | 0.006* | 0.033*** | 0.045*** |
| Â | (0.007) | (0.017) | (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.011) | (0.005) |
11. Plateau | 0.008 | 0.000 | -0.024*** | 0.003 | 0.037*** | -0.005 |
| Â | (0.006) | (0.015) | (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.010) | (0.005) |
12. Zou | 0.011** | -0.143*** | -0.032*** | 0.016*** | 0.095*** | 0.001 |
| Â | (0.005) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.009) | (0.004) |
Constant | 4.477 | -66.705*** | 23.719*** | 3.363 | 7.362 | -2.093 |
| Â | (10.149) | (24.404) | (7.793) | (4.584) | (16.537) | (8.076) |
Observations | 3,814 | 3,814 | 3,814 | 3,814 | 3,814 | 3,814 |
R-squared | 0.074 | 0.140 | 0.085 | 0.082 | 0.139 | 0.103 |