From: The role of risk preferences: voluntary health insurance in rural Tanzania
Base outcome = Insured | Benchmark model 1 (Kagaigai et al., 2021) [34] | Model 1:RP4 | Model 1:RP2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P>z | OR (95% CI) | P>z | OR (95% CI) | P>z | ||
Risk aversion | |||||||
RP4 (Weak = 1) | RP2 (Low =1) | ||||||
Moderate=2 | High = 2 | - | - | 0.53 (0.19-1.45) | 0.22 | 2.18 (1.38-3.46) | 0.00*** |
Medium=3 | - | - | 1.22 (0.58-2.53) | 0.60 | - | - | |
Strong = 4 | - | - | 1.96 (1.17-3.28) | 0.01*** | - | - | |
Control variables | |||||||
Socio-demographic variables | |||||||
Age (60+ = 1) | |||||||
40-59 | 0.57 (0.33-0.97) | 0.04** | 0.52 (0.30-0.89) | 0.02** | 0.53 (0.30-0.91) | 0.02** | |
26-39 | 0.46 (0.26-0.82) | 0.01** | 0.44 (0.24-0.78) | 0.01** | 0.44 (0.24-0.79) | 0.01** | |
18-25 | 0.58 (0.24-1.44) | 0.24 | 0.55 (0.22-1.36) | 0.20 | 0.53 (0.21-1.33) | 0.18 | |
Income5 (1,000,000+ = 1) | |||||||
0 - 49,990 | 0.68 (0.14-3.43) | 0.64 | 0.27 (0.06-1.21) | 0.09* | 0.26 (0.06-1.13) | 0.07* | |
50,000 - 99,990 | 0.48 (0.12-2.00) | 0.31 | 0.37 (0.08-1.65) | 0.19 | 0.35 (0.08-1.53) | 0.16 | |
100,000 - 499,990 | 0.36 (0.08-1.52) | 0.16 | 0.49 (0.11-2.13) | 0.34 | 0.47 (0.11-2.01) | 0.31 | |
500,000 - 999,990 | 0.27 (0.06-1.14) | 0.08* | 0.72 (0.14-3.75) | 0.70 | 0.69 (0.14-3.53) | 0.66 | |
Gender (female = 1) | |||||||
Male | 0.75 (0.51-1.10) | 0.15 | 0.75(0.51-1.11) | 0.15 | 0.75 (0.51-1.10) | 0.14 | |
Education (Secondary + =1) | |||||||
Primary education | 1.03 (0.55-1.91) | 0.93 | 1.03 (0.55-1.93) | 0.93 | 1.01 (0.54-1.89) | 0.97 | |
No formal education | 1.27 (0.59-2.70) | 0.54 | 1.22 (0.57-2.62) | 0.62 | 1.21 (0.56-2.59) | 0.63 | |
Household size (>10 = 1) | |||||||
7-9 | 0.76 (0.30-1.93) | 0.56 | 0.81(0.32-2.03) | 0.65 | 0.81 (0.32-2.03) | 0.65 | |
4-6 | 0.74 (0.30-1.81) | 0.51 | 0.84 (0.34-2.05) | 0.70 | 0.84 (0.35-2.05) | 0.71 | |
≤3 | 0.68 (0.26-1.74) | 0.42 | 0.75 (0.29-1.91) | 0.55 | 0.75 (0.29-1.90) | 0.54 | |
Marital status (unmarried = 1) | |||||||
Married | 1.17 (0.76-1.80) | 0.49 | 1.17 (0.75-1.82) | 0.49 | 1.18 (0.76-1.83) | 0.46 | |
Occupation (non-farmers = 1) | |||||||
Farmers | 0.95 (0.63-1.44) | 0.82 | 1.20 (0.35-4.10) | 0.77 | 1.25 (0.37-4.25) | 0.73 | |
Religion (Muslim = 1) | |||||||
Christian | 1.12 (0.68-1.86) | 0.66 | 1.13 (0.68-1.88) | 0.63 | 1.13 (0.68-1.87) | 0.65 | |
Perception factors | |||||||
Quality P1 | 1.28 (1.10-1.49) | 0.00*** | 1.32 (1.13-1.54) | 0.00*** | 1.31 (1.12-1.53) | 0.00*** | |
Preferences P2 | 0.61 (0.52-0.72) | 0.00*** | 0.60 (0.50-0.71) | 0.00*** | 0.60 (0.51-0.71) | 0.00*** | |
Convenience P3 | 1.40 (1.17-1.68) | 0.00*** | 1.44 (1.21-1.73) | 0.00*** | 1.44 (1.20-1.72) | 0.00*** | |
Understanding P4 | 0.83 (0.72-0.96) | 0.01** | 0.81 (0.70-0.94) | 0.01** | 0.82 (0.71-0.94) | 0.01** | |
Recommendation P5 | 0.83 (0.73-0.93) | 0.00*** | 0.81 (0.72-0.92) | 0.00*** | 0.81 (0.72-0.92) | 0.00*** | |
Knowledge P6 | 1.39 (1.19-1.62) | 0.00*** | 1.38 (1.19-1.61) | 0.00*** | 1.37 (1.18-1.60) | 0.00*** | |
Awareness P7 | 1.08 (0.93-1.24) | 0.32 | 1.06 (0.92-1.23) | 0.39 | 1.06 (0.92-1.22) | 0.44 |