Table 1 Descriptive statistics of input, output, and environmental variables

Input variables

 Per capita health spending (PPP)

183.76

218.01

26.16

949.58

 Physicians density

0.136

0.150

0.019

0.756

 Nurses and midwives’ density

0.995

1.150

0.137

6.247

 Hospital beds density

1.227

1.193

0.100

6.300

Output variable

 UHC Index

66.78

8.59

52.38

81.21

Environmental variables

 GDP per capita, PPP

3253.94

2812.88

731.01

12,251.30

 Educational level

0.424

0.107

0.198

0.695

 Governance quality

-0.655

0.497

-1.600

0.325

 Out-of-pocket spending

35.54

19.71

7.87

73.73

 Government health spending

6.68

3.47

2.55

16.92

 External health spending

25.82

17.94

2.41

72.41

 Compulsory financing arrangement

43.77

14.75

18.94

73.40