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Table 5 Marginal effects results

From: Health outcome convergence in Africa: the roles of immunization and public health spending

Variables

Clubs

Infant mortality rate

Under-5 mortality rate

Life expectancy at birth

Log real GDP per capita

Final club 1

-0.093a

(0.018)

-0.083a

(0.021)

0.068b

(0.032)

Final club 2

-0.068a

(0.011)

0.044

(0.033)

-0.068b

(0.032)

Final club 3

0.075c

(0.041)

0.040

(0.029)

 

Final club 4

0.064c

(0.034)

-0.029

(0.030)

 

Final club 5

0.321a

(0.044)

0.029

(0.032)

 

Final club 6

-0.000a

(0.000)

-0.000b

(0.000)

 

Final club 7

-0.000b

(0.000)

  

Divergent gr

-0.064b

(0.020)

  

Log population below 15 year old

Final club 1

-1.099a

(0.173)

-0.428b

(0.210)

0.666b

(0.247)

Final club 2

1.052a

(0.185)

1.039a

(0.319)

-0.666b

(0.247)

Final club 3

-1.250a

(0.336)

0.1221

(0.333)

 

Final club 4

1.220a

(0.251)

0.250

(0.243)

 

Final club 5

-0.217

(0.254)

-0.983a

(0.299)

 

Final club 6

0.095

(0.076)

-0.000b

(0.000)

 

Final club 7

0.000

(0.000)

  

Divergent gr

0.200

(0.299)

  

Log population above 65 year old

Final club 1

-0.190a

(0.055)

0.148b

(0.071)

0.502a

(0.107)

Final club 2

0.472

(0.050)

0.419a

(0.107)

-0.502a

(0.107)

Final club 3

-0.156c

(0.091)

-0.184b

(0.092)

 

Final club 4

0.170b

(0.077)

-0.036

(0.079)

 

Final club 5

-0.447a

(0.075)

-0.346b

(0.139)

 

Final club 6

0.557a

(0.079)

0.000b

(0.000)

 

Final club 7

0.000b

(0.000)

  

Divergent gr

-0.405a

(0.063)

  

Log urban population

Final club 1

0.175a

(0.033)

0.035

(0.030)

-0.427a

(0.054)

Final club 2

0.140a

(0.040)

-0.007

(0.038)

0.427a

(0.054)

Final club 3

-0.250a

(0.059)

0.052

(0.042)

 

Final club 4

-0.151a

(0.037)

0.031

(0.037)

 

Final club 5

-0.144a

(0.032)

-0.110a

(0.031)

 

Final club 6

0.096a

(0.020)

0.000b

(0.000)

 

Final club 7

0.000b

(0.000)

  

Divergent gr

0.135b

(0.052)

  

Log external health expenditure

Final club 1

0.324b

(0.133)

0.543b

(0.259)

-0.253

(0.256)

Final club 2

0.027

(0.136)

0.330

(0.402)

0.253

(0.256)

Final club 3

-0.308

(0.443)

-0.696b

(0.303)

 

Final club 4

-0.087

(0.243)

0.135

(0.212)

 

Final club 5

0.002

(0.190)

-0.312

(0.253)

 

Final club 6

-0.033

(0.112)

-0.000b

(0.000)

 

Final club 7

-0.000

(0.000)

  

Divergent gr

0.077

(0.052)

  

Log trade

Final club 1

-0.087a

(0 0.013)

-0.040

(0.024)

0.146a

(0.036)

Final club 2

0.003

(0.019)

0.019

(0.033)

-0.146a

(0.036)

Final club 3

0.075b

(0.036)

-0.184a

(0.032)

 

Final club 4

-0.027

(0.020)

0.183a

(0.032)

 

Final club 5

-0.080a

(0.015)

0.021

(0.031)

 

Final club 6

0.024c

(0.013)

-0.000b

(0.000)

 

Final club 7

0.000b

(0.000)

  

Divergent gr

0.093a

(0.016)

  

Log people using at least basic sanitation service

Final club 1

-0.031c

(0.018)

-0.011

(0.015)

0.142a

(0.033)

Final club 2

-0.077a

(0.015)

-0.019

(0.025)

-0.142a

(0.033)

Final club 3

0.072c

(0.043)

-0.072a

(0.022)

 

Final club 4

-0.099b

(0.039)

-0.004

(0.023)

 

Final club 5

-0.217a

(0.027)

0.105a

(0.027)

 

Final club 6

0.442a

(0.069)

-0.000b

(0.000)

 

Final club 7

0.000b

(0.000)

  

Divergent gr

-0.092a

(0.023)

  

Log measles immunization

Final club 1

0.098b

(0.048)

-0.037

(0.053)

0.045

(0.140)

Final club 2

-0.092b

(0.037)

-0.006

(0.099)

-0.045

(0.140)

Final club 3

-0.094

(0.159)

-0.280b

(0.116)

 

Final club 4

0.059

(0.107)

0.455a

(0.113)

 

Final club 5

0.349b

(0.133)

-0.131

(0.130)

 

Final club 6

-0.283a

(0.063)

-0.000

(0.000)

 

Final club 7

0.000b

(0.000)

  

Divergent gr

-0.036c

(0.019)

  

Log DTP immunization

Final club 1

-0.326a

(0.048)

-0.307a

(0.053)

0.217*

(0.129)

Final club 2

0.059

(0.038)

0.038

(0.111)

-0.217*

(0.129)

Final club 3

0.082

(0.163)

0.093

(0.116)

 

Final club 4

0.228c

(0.120)

0.331b

(0.121)

 

Final club 5

-0.168

(0.130)

-0.156

(0.148)

 

Final club 6

0.175b

(0.055)

0.000

(0.000)

 

Final club 7

0.000

(0.000)

  

Divergent gr

-0.050b

(0.025)

  

Log domestic general government health expenditure

Final club 1

-0.005

(0.009)

-0.040b

(0.015)

0.170a

(0.032)

Final club 2

-0.099a

(0.010)

-0.180a

(0.021)

-0.170a

(0.032)

Final club 3

-0.188a

(0.027)

-0.064b

(0.025)

 

Final club 4

0.294a

(0.026)

0.313a

(0.028)

 

Final club 5

0.029

(0.019)

-0.030

(0.026)

 

Final club 6

0.006

(0.009)

-0.000b

(0.000)

 

Final club 7

-0.000

(0.000)

  

Divergent gr

-0.037a

(0.010)

  

No. of observation

 

787

787

787

P -Values

 

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

  1. a, b, and c represent statistical significance at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. The standard errors are in parenthesis. The first column present the variables’ code, while the second one shows the final clubs. The third column presents the marginal effects results for the infant mortality rate model, the fourth column provides the results of the under-five mortality rate model, and the fifth column provides the results for the life expectancy model. Source: Authors’ own computations