Table 4 Characteristics of CVD decedents, by country (percent)
a. Austria | ||||||
Had no OOPE (N = 76, 47.5%) | Had OOPE (N = 84, 52.5%) | F/X2 | ||||
Gender | Female | 51.32 | 53.57 | 0.08 | ||
Male | 48.68 | 46.43 | ||||
Age (mean and SD) | 78.28 (10.76) | 79.25 (9.09) | 0.38 | |||
Living aloneNo | 34.21 | 52.38 | 5.35* | |||
Yes | 65.79 | 47.62 | ||||
Education (mean and SD) | 8.39 (4.63) | 8.68 (4.50) | 0.15 | |||
Economic capacity (household’s ability to make ends meet) | With great difficulty | 0 | 4.94 | 15.80*** | ||
With some difficulty | 30.77 | 7.41 | ||||
Fairly easily | 35.38 | 44.44 | ||||
Easily | 33.85 | 43.21 | ||||
Health insurance | No insurance | 78.95 | 78.57 | 0.00 | ||
Has supplemental health-insurance coverage | 21.05 | 21.43 | ||||
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 | ||||||
b. Germany | ||||||
Had no OOPE (N = 44, 42.31%) | Had OOPE (N = 60, 57.69%) | F/X2 | ||||
Gender | Female | 45.45 | 28.33 | 3.25 | ||
Male | 54.55 | 71.67 | ||||
Age (mean and SD) | 75.93 (9.09) | 77.02 (10.39) | 0.31 | |||
Living aloneNo | 68.18 | 66.67 | 0.27 | |||
Yes | 31.82 | 33.33 | ||||
Education (mean and SD) | 11.55 (4.25) | 11.77 (3.81) | 0.08 | |||
Economic capacity (household’s ability to make ends meet) | With great difficulty | 7.89 | 1.75 | 4.42 | ||
With some difficulty | 15.79 | 7.02 | ||||
Fairly easily | 36.84 | 40.35 | ||||
Easily | 39.47 | 50.88 | ||||
Health insurance | No insurance | 88.64 | 79.66 | 1.47 | ||
Has supplemental health-insurance coverage | 11.36 | 20.34 | ||||
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 | ||||||
c. Spain | ||||||
Had no OOPE (N = 244, 62.89%) | Had OOPE (N = 144, 37.11%) | F/X2 | ||||
Gender | Female | 43.85 | 47.22 | 0.42 | ||
Male | 56.15 | 52.78 | ||||
Age (mean and SD) | 81.45 (8.74) | 82.76 (8.35) | 2.10 | |||
Living aloneNo | 60.66 | 43.75 | 10.43*** | |||
Yes | 39.34 | 56.25 | ||||
Education (mean and SD) | 6.48 (5.01) | 5.92 (4.78) | 1.20 | |||
Economic capacity (household’s ability to make ends meet) | With great difficulty | 14.72 | 13.24 | 1.15 | ||
With some difficulty | 31.17 | 30.88 | ||||
Fairly easily | 35.06 | 32.35 | ||||
Easily | 19.05 | 23.53 | ||||
Health insurance | No insurance | 76.13 | 80.56 | 1.02 | ||
Has supplemental health-insurance coverage | 23.87 | 19.44 | ||||
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 | ||||||
d. Italy | ||||||
Had no OOPE (N = 74, 30.09%) | Had OOPE (N = 172, 69.91%) | F/X2 | ||||
Gender | Female | 43.24 | 45.93 | 0.15 | ||
Male | 56.76 | 54.07 | ||||
Age (mean and SD) | 81.08 (9.45) | 80.09 (8.81) | 0.63 | |||
Living aloneNo | 59.46 | 51.16 | 1.43 | |||
Yes | 40.54 | 48.84 | ||||
Education (mean and SD) | 6.36 (4.59) | 6.24 (4.42) | 0.04 | |||
Economic capacity (household’s ability to make ends meet) | With great difficulty | 15.49 | 31.98 | 10.65* | ||
With some difficulty | 36.62 29.58 | 38.95 19.77 | ||||
Fairly easily | 18.31 | 9.30 | ||||
Easily | ||||||
Health insurance | No insurance | 81.08 | 77.19 | 0.46 | ||
Has supplemental health-insurance coverage | 18.92 | 22.81 | ||||
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 | ||||||
e. France | ||||||
Had no OOPE (N = 82, 70.09%) | Had OOPE (N = 35, 29.91%) | F/X2 | ||||
Gender | Female | 52.44 | 51.43 | 0.01 | ||
Male | 47.56 | 48.57 | ||||
Age (mean and SD) | 80.73 (11.45) | 80.46 (9.83) | 0.02 | |||
Living aloneNo | 50.00 | 48.57 | 0.02 | |||
Yes | 50.00 | 51.43 | ||||
Education (mean and SD) | 9.18 (2.89) | 9.91 (3.76) | 1.31 | |||
Economic capacity (household’s ability to make ends meet) | With great difficulty | 1.75 17.39 | 15.63 21.88 | 10.46* | ||
With some difficulty | 43.48 | 21.88 | ||||
Fairly easily | 37.68 | 40.63 | ||||
Easily | ||||||
Health insurance | No insurance | 75.31 | 80.00 | 0.30 | ||
Has supplemental health-insurance coverage | 24.69 | 20.00 | ||||
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 | ||||||
f. Greece | ||||||
Had no OOPE (N = 31, 15.50%) | Had OOPE (N = 169, 84.50%) | F/X2 | ||||
Gender | Female | 38.71 | 50.89 | 1.55 | ||
Male | 61.29 | 49.11 | ||||
Age (mean and SD) | 78.26 (9.94) | 83.39 (6.75) | 12.87** | |||
Living aloneNo | 64.52 | 42.60 | 5.06* | |||
Yes | 35.48 | 57.40 | ||||
Education (mean and SD) | 7.13 (4.22) | 6.91 (3.88) | 0.08 | |||
Economic capacity (household’s ability to make ends meet) | With great difficulty | 54.84 38.71 | 52.07 34.91 | 1.35 | ||
With some difficulty | 3.23 | 9.47 | ||||
Fairly easily | 3.23 | 3.55 | ||||
Easily | ||||||
Health insurance | No insurance | 74.19 | 71.60 | 0.09 | ||
Has supplemental health-insurance coverage | 25.81 | 28.40 | ||||
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 | ||||||
g. Israel | ||||||
Had no OOPE (N = 43, 35.83%) | Had OOPE (N = 77, 64.17%) | F/X2 | ||||
Gender | Female | 51.16 | 41.56 | 1.03 | ||
Male | 48.84 | 58.44 | ||||
Age (mean and SD) | 83.19 (7.85) | 80.17 (8.45) | 3.70 | |||
Living aloneNo | 46.51 | 58.44 | 1.58 | |||
Yes | 53.49 | 41.56 | ||||
Education (mean and SD) | 11.02 (4.33) | 10.60 (5.20) | 0.21 | |||
Economic capacity (household’s ability to make ends meet) | With great difficulty | 26.83 31.71 | 15.79 35.53 | 2.80 | ||
With some difficulty | 17.07 | 26.32 | ||||
Fairly easily | 24.39 | 22.37 | ||||
Easily | ||||||
Health insurance | No insurance | 18.60 | 16.00 | 0.14 | ||
Has supplemental health-insurance coverage | 81.40 | 84.00 | ||||
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 | ||||||