Universal health coverage in the context of population ageing: catastrophic health expenditure and unmet need for healthcare

Table 2 Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure

	Health expenditure		CHE10		CHE25
65 + y/o member in a household	0.01**		0.02**		0.00
	(0.00)		(0.01)		(0.00)
75 + y/o member in a household		0.01**		0.02**		0.01*
		(0.00)		(0.01)		(0.00)
Income	-0.00	-0.00	-0.01**	-0.01**	-0.00	0.00
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Savings	0.00**	0.00**	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Household head being university graduate or higher	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01	-0.00	-0.00
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Household head being in paid work	-0.01**	-0.01**	-0.04**	-0.04**	-0.02**	-0.02**
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.00)
House ownership	0.01**	0.01**	0.03**	0.03**	0.01	0.01
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Household size	0.00#	0.00#	-0.00	-0.00	0.00	0.00
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Individual-FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
City-by-Year-FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Constant	0.05**	0.05**	0.16**	0.16**	0.02*	0.02
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Individuals	7,898
Observations	65,564

Note: Health expenditure (% of total consumption) is transformed by the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation; CHE10 and CHE25 denote catastrophic health expenditure at 10% and 25% thresholds, respectively; Estimates by fixed-effects linear probability models; ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, ^# p < 0.10; Values are coefficients with cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses; Income and savings are equivalised by household size and transformed by the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation; Household size represents the log transformed number of household members; FE represents fixed-effects; Weighted by longitudinal weights to address for attrition bias; singleton observations are not used for estimations.

ISSN: 2191-1991