Universal health coverage in the context of population ageing: catastrophic health expenditure and unmet need for healthcare

Table 3 Heterogeneity by the presence of an older household member: Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure

CHE10	With 64 y/o<	With 65 y/o+
Income	-0.01*	-0.01
	(0.00)	(0.01)
Savings	0.00	0.00
	(0.00)	(0.00)
Age of household head	-0.01**	-0.01
	(0.00)	(0.01)
Age of household head²	0.00**	0.00
	(0.00)	(0.00)
Household head being university graduate or higher	0.03	-0.04
	(0.02)	(0.03)
Household head being in paid work	-0.04**	-0.04**
	(0.01)	(0.01)
House ownership	0.03**	0.08#
	(0.01)	(0.05)
Household size	-0.01	0.02
	(0.01)	(0.02)
Individual-FE	Yes	Yes
City-by-Year-FE	Yes	Yes
Constant	0.47**	0.52
	(0.12)	(0.34)
Individuals	6,113	3,059
Observations	44,347	19,031

Note: CHE10 denotes catastrophic health expenditure at a 10% threshold; Estimates by fixed-effects linear probability models, classifying the sample by the presence/absence of at least one household member aged 65 or older; ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, # p < 0.10; Values are coefficients with cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses; Income and savings are equivalised by household size and transformed by the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation; Household size represents the log transformed number of household members; FE represents fixed-effects; Weighted by longitudinal weights to address for attrition bias; singleton observations are not used for estimations; As a result of estimating multiple models to assess non-linear relationships between age of household head and the experienced CHE10, the quadratic relationship was observed whilst the cubic term of age was not significant.

ISSN: 2191-1991