Heterogeneous effects of hospital competition on inpatient quality: an analysis of five common diseases in China

Health Economics Review

Table 3 The null MMMC model and estimates of hospital competition effect on 30-day unplanned readmissions

	The null MMMC model						The full MMMC model
	COPD	Ischemic Stroke	Pneumonia	Hemorrhagic Stroke		AMI	COPD	Ischemic Stroke	Pneumonia	Hemorrhagic Stroke	AMI
Fixed effect
Intercept	0.19***	-1.61**	-2.06***	-1.47***	-1.81***
Intercept	(0.00)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)		(0.05)
Random effect
Hospital neighbor effect	0.01**	0.29**	0.35***	0.21**		0.02
Hospital neighbor effect	(0.00)	(0.05)	(0.07)	(0.06)		(0.02)
Hospital heterogeneity effect	0.01***	0.33***	0.29***	0.19**		0.07
Hospital heterogeneity effect	(0.00)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)		(0.04)
Main Interest
\(\ln(HHI_i^{pat})\)							-0.06* (0.03)	-0.04 (0.05)	0.03 (0.06)	0.01 (0.08)	0.37* (0.16)
Covariates							YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
N	153,159	95,358	65,374	18,882		5,830	153,159	95,358	65,374	18,882	5,830
Number of hospitals	1,589	1,309	1,020	437		181	1,589	1,309	1,020	437	181

Coefficient estimates (standard errors) are shown in the table. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AMI Acute myocardial infarction, N Inpatient sample size, HHI Herfindahl–Hirschman Index. YES, means that all models incorporated patient-level covariates, hospital-level covariates, time covariates and intercept. Patient-level covariates included: age and its square, gender, health insurance program, whether surgical procedure, admission source. Hospital covariates included: hospital level, whether public hospital, whether for-profit hospital, whether general hospital. Time covariates include: month (10,11,12), year (2017 and 2019)
^* p < 0.05
** p < 0.01
*** p < 0.001

ISSN: 2191-1991